Travel – Tower of London (Part One)

Posted on February 20, 2014 by barbara

One of the most memorable sites we visited during our visit to London in 1998 was the historic Tower of London. There are so many interesting and dramatic stories about this well-known royal palace, military fortress and former prison. In this post I will discuss the origins of the Tower including the different buildings located within the Tower walls and their varied history over the past centuries. In the second post, Tower of London – Part Two, I will discuss the history of the Jewel House which holds the famous Crown Jewels of England, the legend of Tower ravens and the duties of the Yeoman Warders.

A brief history of the Tower of London

The Tower of London, officially known as Her Majesty’s Royal Palace and Fortress, is located on the north bank of the River Thames near central London, England. The Tower has been an important location and was originally intended as the royal palace for the reigning monarch and was built as a fortress against invading forces. During the centuries the Tower functioned as a treasury and Royal Mint, an armory, a public records office and a secure place for the Crown Jewels of England. The Tower of London was also used as a prison and according to historic records it is said that some of the prisoners were very important and high ranking people, such as Sir Walter Raleigh and Princess Elizabeth who would later become Queen Elizabeth I. The Tower was also the site of many executions; some of those people executed were Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard and Lady Jane Grey but the most recent execution was during World War II when the German spy Josef Jakobs was killed by a firing squad.

In 1066, the site of the current Tower of London was founded during the Norman Conquest by the aptly named William the Conqueror. William set out to build several castles and fortresses throughout England as a line defense from invading forces. In 1078, the construction of the White Tower was started and when it was completed 20 years later the vast size and height of the castle dominated the surrounding city of London and for this reason it became known as the Tower of London.

Currently, the Tower of London covers 12 acres and is laid out in a series of three enclosures or wards with an additional 6 acres surrounding the area outside the walls. The inner ward was built during the reign of King Richard the Lionheart and it is the area where the main buildings, such as the White Tower, are located. The outer ward that surrounds the entire castle was built during the reign of King Edward I and the layout of the grounds has basically remained the same since that time with very little changes. These multiple enclosures of the castle were meant to protect the Tower in the case of an attack and it proved a formidable line of defense. In addition to those fortifications, a ditch was dug and filled with water to create a moat and 21 additional towers were added over time to provide increased protection.

Surprisingly, the Tower has also been the home of some very interesting animals. During the reign of King Henry III, there was a Royal Menagerie that included exotic animals such as an elephant, lions, leopards and a polar bear that attracted the public’s attention when it would occasionally be released to go “fishing” in the Thames. By the late 1800s, before the animals were relocated, the Tower held over 280 animals of 60 different species. One of the most famous animals associated with the Tower are the large black ravens and for more information about the legend of how they came to be held there, please see the Tower of London – Part Two post.

Things to see and do at the Tower of London

The White Tower –

The White Tower was one of the strongest of the Norman fortresses and measured 118 feet by 105 feet at the base and rose to a height of 90 feet, not including the corner towers. In the traditional style of a Norman keep, the White Tower’s northern side was built into an existing mound and the building entrance was accessed from a wooden staircase that could be removed in the event of an enemy attack. On the west corners of the building there are square towers, on the north corner there is a round tower with a spiral staircase that ascends to the upper floors and on the south corner there is a large semi-circular section where the St. John’s Chapel is located. Since the castle was meant to be a royal residence with additional comforts “fit for a king”, four fireplaces were added to provide warmth and latrines were built into the walls.

St. John’s Chapel (located in the White Tower) –

The St. John’s Chapel is located in the southern section of the White Tower on the second floor. The chapel is a wonderful example of Norman architecture constructed with imported stone from France, there is a vaulted nave and round piers that support simple arches with carved scallop and leaf designs and behind the altar are beautiful stained glass windows that depict the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity. Much later, in a windowless recess in the chapel crypt in the north wall, there was a secured room designed for the safekeeping of the royal treasures and important documents. Today the St. John’s Chapel is still used for various services held throughout the year.

Line of Kings Exhibit (located in the White Tower) –

For over 400 years, visitors to the Tower of London have come to see a wonderful display called the Line of Kings Exhibit which features royal armor and arms with full-sized wooden horses and the figures representing the Kings of England over the past centuries. The display has been changed several times since it was first put on exhibit after the Restoration.

Today, many of the wooden horses on display are over 325 years old and the exhibit shows the armors of several kings, including those of King Charles I and King James II. An interesting display case shows two contrasting suits of armor, one of a “giant” and the other a “dwarf”. But the centerpiece of the Line of King exhibit is the impressive armor of King Henry VIII.

St. Thomas Tower –

The function of the St. Thomas Tower has changed over the past centuries; it was originally intended as a royal residence for King Edward I but it was also used later as a place to hold prisoners. The St. Thomas Tower was built in the late 1270s and is known as the Medieval Palace of the Tower. Now, when visitors come to tour the Tower they will see a recreation of the bedchamber of King Edward I. During the process of researching the recreation of the room design, historians tried to be as accurate as possible. King Edward was known to travel across the country from one palace to another, so for his comfort the bedroom was made to travel with him. The large four-poster bed, required because he was an unusually tall man for that time at 6 ft. 2 in., could be taken apart and re-assembled at the different locations. In addition to the bed, the raised platform or dais, the curtains and other furnishings could easily be transported by cart from place to place.

Located below the St. Thomas Tower is a stone archway with a double gate that became known as the Traitor’s Gate. This is the famous entrance from the River Thames into the Tower and it was the place that many prisoners were brought through when they were incarcerated within the Tower.

The Bloody Tower –

At the time that this Tower was built by King Henry II in the mid-1200s it was originally intended as another line of defense for the castle and it was named the Garden Tower since the views from the upper floors looked out onto a garden area. During the centuries the purpose of the building was changed and it later used to hold prisoners and because of the cruel events that are believed to have occurred there it was given the name of the Bloody Tower.

One of the earliest prisoners to this tower was Sir Walter Raleigh, he was held here during his long imprisonment and the lower portion of the tower is currently furnished as it would have appeared during that time. On the upper floors there is a display telling the story of the two “Little Princes” of the Tower and their mysterious disappearance and possible murder. After the death of King Edward IV, the next in line to the throne was the 12 year old Prince Edward. Since he was too young to rule, he and his brother, 9 year old Prince Richard, were put under the “protection” of their uncle the Duke of Gloucester. Sadly, the two princes were last seen in June 1483 at the Tower of London and been speculated that they were murdered by suffocation. Coincidently(?) their uncle went on to become King Richard III but it is widely thought that he was ultimately responsible for the death of the two young princes.

Tower Green –

Tower Green was said to be the historic site of the execution of two queen consorts of England, they were Anne Boleyn the second wife of Henry VIII and Catherine Howard the fifth wife of Henry VIII. Normally executions were performed outside the Tower of London on the nearby Tower Hill so as to accommodate large crowds. The “privilege” of being beheaded in the privacy of Tower Green was in accordance with a higher ranking person so as to avoid the insults of the crowds and to die with dignity. At the time of our visit in 1998, there was only a small area in the middle of the Green paved with granite bricks as ordered by Queen Victoria to mark the place of the execution scaffold and a small plaque that was added later with the names of the people who had died on or near the spot. In 2006, a new contemporary memorial created by artist Bryan Catling was erected; it takes the form of a glass pillow resting on two polished disks, one disk is made of glass featuring the names of ten people (seven historically famous people and three soldiers that died on Tower Green) and the other disk is made of granite featuring a special remembrance poem.

TRAVEL NOTE: When visiting the Tower of London, I would definitely recommend the free one hour tour given by a Yeoman Warder guide. These tours are an excellent way to learn the history of the Tower, but they are also surprising entertaining and humorous despite the serious topics of imprisonment, execution and torture.

For more information, such as hours of operation and admission cost for the Tower of London, please see their website at www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon

Decor – Framed Jewelry

Posted on February 18, 2014 by barbara

Have you ever thought of displaying a special piece of jewelry? Maybe you have a favorite brooch, a beautiful cameo, a lovely vintage pin or a sentimental vintage piece of jewelry from a loved one. Take a look inside your jewelry box and I am sure you could find something that would look wonderful displayed on a side table in the bedroom or living room bookshelf. Small inexpensive frames can be purchased at craft stores and the jewelry can be attached to pieces of velvet, leather of felt material or the frame itself. When selecting a frame and material to display a piece of jewelry keep in mind the color, shape and style of item. Shown below are a few of the jewelry pieces that I have framed and displayed in our home.

This first item of jewelry is a mother of pearl pin that I had during my childhood. When I was a young girl living in Southern California as a special treat my mother would sometimes take us to the Farmer’s Market shopping center for the afternoon. We would drive over “the hill” on Mulholland Drive from the San Fernando Valley to Los Angeles. There was a food court and various booths selling delicious things to eat and we would enjoy lunch there watching all the interesting people. Farmer’s Market also had several small stores selling all kinds of merchandise and one of those stores sold personalize wired jewelry such as pins and bracelets. The pin that you see below is over fifty years old (can it really be that long ago!) and it is displayed attached to a small gold frame with a picture of me taken back in the 1960s.

I enjoy shopping in antique stores and on EBay and I have purchased many vintage jewelry items over the years. Vintage jewelry pieces look beautiful displayed in small frames and would add an elegant touch to any décor, such as side table in a bedroom. Shown below is a piece of vintage jewelry that I purchased on EBay; it is a beautiful crystal fur clip. (before it became “politically incorrect” to wear fur, sophisticated ladies would attach jeweled clips to their fur stoles or jackets) The sparkling fur clip is attached to a piece of white velvet and displayed in a small gold frame.

Traditionally, cameos are hand-carved three dimensional portraits or scenes on conch shells or semi-precious stones and look especially lovely in small frames displayed in a home. The two framed cameos shown below are made of resin and they were purchased for a very inexpensive price from a source on EBay. The first one is a large blue and white cameo that I attached to a piece of dark grey velvet and displayed in a small oval silver frame with stand that could be displayed on a table or bookshelf. The second one is a smaller black and ivory cameo also attached to dark grey velvet and displayed in a small black oval frame trimmed in gold with black ribbon that could be used for hanging on a wall; this one is hung above a light switch as a decorative accent.

Another EBay item which I purchase from a source England can be seen below, it is a silver dragon pin that I bought shortly after our daughter was born in 2000 which was the Chinese Year of the Dragon. It should make a great remembrance to mark the occasion and I hope when she is older she will display it in her home. I found a round frame in a rustic brown color and I attached the dragon pin to a piece of leather to give it a distinct “medieval” style when it is displayed.

The next two pieces of jewelry are contemporary items purchased recently in a retail store. The first one is a lovely blue enameled butterfly that it simply attached to a blue frame which holds a picture of my daughter taken on a recent road trip to Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado. I think the bright color of the frame and butterfly pin look great with the outdoor photo.

The next item is a black crystal spider pin that is perfect for displaying with a Halloween photo. The pin is attached to a simple gold frame which holds a picture of my son taken when he was a vampire for Halloween.

One thing to keep in mind when shopping for jewelry to display is that you are not limited to pins. Here are some other suggestions:

Earrings – buy two sets and attach to each corner of the frame
Necklaces – drape a necklace from one corner of the frame to the other or you can buy several and attach around the frame opening

Next time you are in the jewelry section of your favorite retail store look for seasonal jewelry that would look great attached to a photo frame or if you are shopping at an antique store or on EBay look for great antique jewelry that you can frame and display.

Don’t forget those sentimental pieces of jewelry, here are some suggestions:

A mother’s or grandmother’s brooch, earrings or necklace
A father’s or grandfather’s cuff links
A special cross or medal received for a first communion
A sport, dance or cheer medal attached to a frame
A soldier’s dog tags or service medals

Jules Verne – The Legacy

Posted on February 8, 2014 by jeff0006

Hello, Jeff again. While Barbara wrote about the life of Jules Verne, I was more interested in his works and the lasting impact they have had. In Barbara’s post she mentioned the fact that Verne wrote a series titled “Voyages Extraordinaires” which were published between 1863 and 1905. The series of 65 books strove “to outline all the geographical, geological, physical, and astronomical knowledge amassed by modern science and to recount, in an entertaining and picturesque format … the history of the universe.” In addition, Verne was not interested in writing an encyclopedia. He wanted to create works of literary merit.

So what was so special about Jules Verne? First he was one of the first, if not THE first, author to incorporate the exciting scientific discoveries of the time into popular literature creating a new genre – Science Fiction! Before we go into the details of his stories that eventually became reality, take a minute to think about the time he lived in. The telephone had not been invented, no cars, no airplanes, no radio, limited knowledge of electricity, medicine was just learning about germs and astronomy was still in its infancy. Against this background Verne’s imagination, intelligence, choice of friends and ability to research allowed him to envision things many of which weren’t created until long after his death!

So here are a couple of his visions:

Submarine life – Verne’s description of the life aboard the Nautilus in his 1870 book “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea”, with the exception of the iconic organ played by Captain Nemo, is very close to life on modern-day submarine which have a double hull, use compressed air and are entirely run by electricity. Many early submarine researchers-inventors such as Simon Lake, an early American industrialist and entrepreneur, credit Verne with inspiring them. Walt Disney was so taken with the book that he made the 1954 “20,000 Leagues Under the Sea” film. This was the only science fiction movie personally directed by Walt and it won two academy awards.(As Barbara mentioned in her post, Jules Verne’s Birthday, it is one of her favorite Jules Verne books and she also likes the Disney film)
Travel to the Moon – In his 1865 book “From the Earth to the Moon” Verne predicted weightlessness in space, something that could hardly be imagined at that time. He also predicted the approximate weight of “projectile” which turned out to be almost the same weight as Apollo 11 and cost of the “projectile” in 1865 dollars was only slightly off from the cost of the Apollo program. In the book, the spaceship “launched” from Florida with a three man crew and also splashed down in the ocean upon its return to earth using parachutes to slow it’s descent. All these things happened many years later in the 1960s. On the way back from his mission to the moon Neil Armstrong said, “A hundred years ago, Jules Verne wrote a book about a voyage to the Moon. His spaceship, Columbia, took off from Florida and landed in the Pacific Ocean after completing a trip to the Moon. It seems appropriate to us to share with you some of the reflections of the crew as the modern-day Columbia completes its rendezvous with the planet Earth and the same Pacific Ocean tomorrow.”

With 65 works to choose from, there are many, many more predictions including fuel cells, world wars and people addicted to the internet. This being said, the real legacy of Jules Verne is not his predictions, but how he inspired generation after generation to dream beyond what was considered possible. Neil Armstrong credited Verne with inspiring the moon missions. Simon Lake, an early American industrialist and entrepreneur, was inspired by him to create his submarines. HG Wells was inspired to write several of his own science fiction books.

I really enjoyed reading the books by Jules Verne, my favorite is “Around the World in 80 Days” followed by “The Mysterious Island”. Many of his works are available for free on the internet as a quick search of “Jules Verne” will reveal. Try to find one of the later translations as some of the early ones left a large portion of the text out of print and frequently botched is calculations / scientific explanations.

Jules Verne’s vision was extraordinary. How is yours? What are your predictions for the next 100 years?

Jules Verne’s Birthday

Posted on February 8, 2014 by barbara

As a child, and even later as an adult, I enjoyed reading the books by Jules Verne. Over the years several of the books have been made into movies, such as “Journey to the Center of the Earth” and “Around the World in Eighty Days”. My favorite among the movies was the 1954 Disney film “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” starring James Mason as Captain Nemo and Kirk Douglas as Ned Land. The movie actually inspired me to read my first Jules Verne book and I found the story about the mysterious Nautilus ship, a fascinating mix of action and drama with a little bit of science fiction.

In this post I will discuss the life and times of the French author, poet and playwright Jules Verne (Born: February 8, 1828 Died: March 24, 1905). Verne was born in the tiny seaside town of Nantes, France. His parents were Pierre Verne, a successful attorney and Sophie Allote de la Fuye, her family were a local seafaring family. Verne had one younger brother and three younger sisters.

Verne was sent to boarding school at the age of six and later to a Catholic school, Ecole Saint Stanislas, were he enjoyed subjects such as geography. As a child Verne loved stories about the sea and life aboard ships. There is a story about an eleven year old Verne secretly intending to become a cabin boy on the “Coralie” which was scheduled to depart Nantes for a three year voyage to the Indies. Luckily, his father found out just in time to rescue his son and Verne was urged to make a promise that the only way he was to travel in the future was in his imagination and his father also strongly suggested that the young boy stay close to home until he was much older.

During the following years the Verne family moved several times within the area of Nantes. Verne was also enrolled in several religious schools nearby and he soon began to realize that he enjoyed writing stories. By 1847, at the age of nineteen, Verne wanted to pursue a literary career and his father was greatly disappointed in the decision because he was hoping that his son would join the family law practice.

But, that was not the only problem and Verne would soon to suffer a great romantic loss when his cousin Caroline, who he had been in love with for many years, married a much older man. Verne’s father quickly decided to take advantage of the situation and urged Verne to distance himself from his first love and he was sent to Paris to begin his studies in law school. After his first year in Paris, Verne fell in love with Rose Grossetiere and using his writing skills he expressed his love to her in a series of thirty romantic poems. Unfortunately, her parents did not approve of the relationship and she was quickly married off to a rich older man. Verne took this new loss extremely hard and it seemed to deeply affect him not only on a personal level but also in his future literary works.

In 1848, upon returning to Paris for this second year of law studies, the city was in the midst of the French Revolution and the government had recently been overthrown causing great political changes. With the use of his family connections, Verne now decided it was time to make his entrance into Paris society and he started attending literary salons (or parties). While still continuing his law studies, Verne soon found a love of the theatre and inspired by the Victor Hugo’s play, “Notre Dame de Paris”, Verne began writing a series of plays.

Unfortunately during this time, Verne began experiencing health problems. His severe stomach cramps were diagnosed as colitis and he also suffered from several mysterious attacks of facial paralysis which were later determined as being caused by an inner ear infection. All these medical concerns prevented Verne from being required to enlist in the French military which was a relief since he had very strong views against war and these feelings were to remain with him throughout his life.

Given all his medical conditions, Verne somehow managed to continue attending the literary salons while also pursuing his writing. He was very busy because in addition to these activities he was still continuing his law studies and after a few years he graduated with a law degree in 1851. Even though he was set to start a career as a lawyer, Verne was soon offered a writing opportunity by Pierre Chevalier for a French magazine, “Musee des Families”. Verne started researching and writing articles for the magazine about geography, history, science and technology. The magazine job quickly lead to writing short stories and ultimately a position as secretary for the Theatre Lyrique. Verne wrote and produced several comic operas.

With his literary career making progress Verne soon abandoned the thought of being a lawyer despite the fact that his father had given him an ultimatum to join the family lawyer practice. It was while Verne was doing research for his stories that he met an explorer named Jacques Arago. During his intense discussions with Arago, Verne was inspired because he had found a new topic concerning the subject of world travel for his future stories. Verne was also developing an increased interest in the field of science and he was thinking of combing these two ideas into a new style for writing books.

On January 10, 1857 Verne married Honorine de Viane Morel, who a twenty-six year old widow with two young children. During a trip to Sweden and Denmark, the trip was abruptly cut short when Verne was called back to Paris by his wife and he arrived back home shortly after the birth of his son, Michel. By this time Verne had started a brokerage business in order to support his new family but he continued to write and develop his style for adventure books. Then in 1862, Verne met the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel and through their collaboration Verne wrote a series of books known as the “Voyages Extraordinaires”. His first book, “Five Weeks in a Balloon” was published in the beginning of 1863. Several more books were published over the following years and these very popular adventure novels included the books “Journey to the Center of the Earth” published in 1864, “From the Earth to the Moon” in 1865, “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” in 1870 and “Around the World in Eighty Days” in 1873. Unfortunately, the normally good relationship between Hetzel and Verne became strained over a disagreement regarding the storyline of “Twenty Thousand Leagues”. Despite their difficulties the professional collaboration between the two continued as Verne wrote additional books that Hetzel continued to publish.

Verne finally fulfilled his passion for travel and the sea by purchasing a small ship, the “Saint-Michel”, after the success of his first books. Then, as his fame increased with more books published and his wealth continued to improve his financial situation, Verne bought and replaced several more ships over the years. Sadly, on a personal level, Verne’s relationship with his son became very difficult due to his grown son’s bad behavior and his poor lifestyle choices and the two became distant but eventually the situation improved and the father and son became close again toward the end of Verne’s life.

In 1888, Verne took a political position and was elected town counselor of Amiens, France which is located about 75 miles north of Paris. He served in that position for the next fifteen years. In 1905, Jules Verne died from complication with diabetes and he is buried in the cemetery in Amiens.

Craft – Miniature Bottle Necklaces

Posted on February 4, 2014 by barbara

I have seen a variety of miniature bottle necklaces on many different craft websites. These miniature bottle necklaces would make great gifts for children or adults and they could also make wonderful paper favors for a little girl’s birthday celebration. For this post I will go into detail on the supplies needed for several themed miniature bottle necklaces with ideas for several more.

Supplies for miniature bottle necklaces

In general, the supplies need to make a miniature bottle necklace are very minimal but the important thing to remember is that the shape of the bottle, the content used inside the bottle, the selection of chain or ribbon used to wear the bottle and any additional charms attached to the bottle. All these elements will create the unique style for each individual miniature bottle necklace.

Miniature bottles – Miniature bottles come in a variety of sizes. The content of the bottle or personal preference should be taken into consideration when selecting a miniature bottle. The bottles can be found in the jewelry section of most major craft stores and they range in size from very small to large.

CRAFT NOTE: For the craft projects shown in this post I used miniature bottle sizes ranging in size from one inch to over two inches in length.

Content for the miniature bottle necklaces – The content of each bottle is defined as the filling used inside the bottle necklace, some suggested contents can be glitter, sand, or maybe a liquid such as honey or colored water. Here is another filling suggestion … who remembers those mustard seed necklaces from their childhood? Others content ideas are small watermelon seeds, tiny seashells or pine cones or acorns. The content selection is only limited by the imagination and the size of the bottle.

CRAFT NOTE: The important thing to remember is that no matter what the content is used for the miniature bottle necklace, the lid needs to be securely attached to prevent the contents from leaking or spilling.

Necklace used to hang or wear the miniature bottle – The miniature bottle will be hung on a necklace to wear as a piece of jewelry. The necklaces can variety in style, such as chains, thin ribbon or silk cords. The length of the necklace is determined by personal preference.

Optional charms – A variety of charms can be attached to the bottle and the charm is usually suggested by the content of the bottle, such as a bottle filled with snow-like glitter has a snowflake charm or a bottle filled with sand has a starfish charm or a bottle filled with honey has a bee charm. CRAFT NOTE: The use of a charm attached to the miniature bottle necklace will add personality and interest to the jewelry’s appearance.

The following are few ideas for miniature bottle necklaces:

Wish or Fairy-dust miniature bottle necklace

This is one of the most common of styles for a miniature bottle necklace. Shown below are two wish miniature bottle necklaces. The bottles are filled glitter (one silver glitter and the other gold glitter), worn on a silver chain necklace and with a special “wish” charm attached (one has a silver fairy charm and the other a silver wishbone charm)

Seasonal -themed miniature bottle necklace

This first seasonal miniature bottle necklace is filled with white glitter that is meant to resemble snow. The bottle is accessorized on a silver chain necklace with a silver snowflake charm attached.

This Valentine-themed miniature bottle necklace is a lovely idea for a present to give to a loved one or perhaps a gift for a child’s special teacher. The bottle is filled with red glitter accessorized on a silver chain necklace with a silver heart charm attached.

Here is a cute idea to wear green on this Irish special holiday; it is a bottle filled with green glitter, worn on a silver chain necklace with a silver green enameled four-leaf clover charm attached. Another idea for a St. Patrick Day themed miniature bottle necklace is a bottle filled with gold glitter with a small leprechaun charm attached.

This miniature bottle necklace is a wonderful way to remember the beach or a special summer vacation. The bottle is filled with sand, worn on a silver chain necklace with a silver enameled starfish charm attached. Another idea for a beach-themed miniature bottle necklace is to add small seashells inside the bottle with just a little amount of sand.

“Honey-pot” miniature bottle necklace

This sweet idea for a miniature bottle necklace, it is a bottle filled with honey, worn on a silver chain necklace with a bronze-colored metal bee charm attached. When wrapping the bottle necklace as a present here is a special idea – put it in a small gift box and include a note referring to the “sweetness of life”.

As you can see from the ideas above, there are endless combinations for making these simple and inexpensive miniature bottle necklaces for any occasion and holiday.

The Enchanted Manor

a lifestyle blog by Barbara Jones

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Travel – Tower of London (Part One)

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Decor – Framed Jewelry

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Jules Verne – The Legacy

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Jules Verne’s Birthday

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Craft – Miniature Bottle Necklaces

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